Overview
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.5
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.3
Supplement Facts
Serving Size: 1 Softgel
Amount Per Serving
%DV
Calories
10
Total Fat
1 g
1%*
Polyunsaturated Fat
1 g
†
Fish Oil Concentrate
1 g (1,000 mg)
†
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)
500 mg
†
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)
250 mg
†
Top Medical Research Studies
8
Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces MS symptoms
We explored the therapeutic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in tackling multiple sclerosis through a study involving mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The mice were given diets enriched with or without EPA. Remarkably, the mice that received the EPA-infused diet displayed significantly lower clinical scores compared to those that did not.
Furthermore, we observed that the production of inflammatory markers like IFN-γ and IL-17 was notably reduced in the EPA-treated mice. This reduction is particularly important, as these markers are associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, there was an enhancement in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors within the CD4T cells infiltrating the central nervous system.
These findings suggest that EPA could serve as a promising new approach to therapy for multiple sclerosis, showcasing its potential in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in those affected by this condition.
Furthermore, we observed that the production of inflammatory markers like IFN-γ and IL-17 was notably reduced in the EPA-treated mice. This reduction is particularly important, as these markers are associated with the progression of multiple sclerosis. Additionally, there was an enhancement in the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors within the CD4T cells infiltrating the central nervous system.
These findings suggest that EPA could serve as a promising new approach to therapy for multiple sclerosis, showcasing its potential in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in those affected by this condition.
Read More
We aimed to evaluate how docosahexaenoic acid, particularly through the treatment of PEGlated nanoliposomes of pistachio unsaturated oils (PEGNLPUOs), affects inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS).
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important omega-3 fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) by investigating its influence on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and T cell migration. MMP-9 is known to contribute to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, allowing inflammatory T cells to enter and affect the central nervous system—an essential factor in the progression of MS.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
7.5
Myelin sheath support
23 people found this helpful
Excellent! DHA plays an important role in the omega-3 chain and aids in maintaining the myelin sheath, which is crucial for nerve impulse conduction. As a person with multiple sclerosis, preserving my myelin sheath is vital, and DHA is beneficial. NOW's DHA is cost-effective, offers a generous quantity for the price, and has good quality. The capsule size may be an issue for some, but it doesn't bother me. If you found my comment helpful, please give it a like.
Read More
9
Life-changing supplement
1 people found this helpful
I've been using this supplement since my multiple sclerosis diagnosis in 2020, and it has significantly changed my life. The positive results are remarkable, and combined with other antioxidants and fat-soluble vitamins, I'm feeling great daily. Inflammation is reduced, cholesterol is normal, and my heart health is excellent. I highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Medical protocol benefits
Excellent product! I use it for my multiple sclerosis treatment protocol, and the results have been very impressive. It is one of the best omega-3s I've tried.
Read More
Medical Researches
SCIENTIFIC SCORE
Possibly Effective
Based on 25 Researches
7.5
- All Researches
We aimed to evaluate how docosahexaenoic acid, particularly through the treatment of PEGlated nanoliposomes of pistachio unsaturated oils (PEGNLPUOs), affects inflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS).
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
This investigation was rigorously designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, ensuring the reliability of our findings. We observed significant changes in the levels of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid among MS patients treated with PEGNLPUOs.
Moreover, we found a notable decrease in matrix metallopeptidase-9 levels, which is important in regulating inflammation. The cytokine profile showed a tilt towards a Th2-biased response, indicating a reduction in inflammatory activity following treatment.
In summary, our findings indicated a reduction in the number of relapses, improved disability scores, and fewer T2 lesions in patients receiving PEGNLPUOs. Through this study, we demonstrated a promising therapeutic avenue for alleviating inflammation associated with multiple sclerosis using docosahexaenoic acid-based treatments.
Read More
We aimed to understand how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) influences multiple sclerosis by exploring its effects in combination with other nutrients. Through a carefully designed study, we assessed the protective benefits of DHA, alongside all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, on a model of multiple sclerosis known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
The study involved female C57BL/6 mice divided into treated and untreated groups to observe the impact of these nutrients on the disease's progression. The results were striking. We found that when DHA was administered with ATRA and vitamin D, there was a significant reduction in clinical symptoms, and less interferon gamma and T-bet gene expression—key contributors to the inflammatory response observed in multiple sclerosis.
While the combination treatment showed clear benefits, it's important to note that the specific role of DHA on its own was difficult to isolate. The intervention collectively reduced the severity of the disease and inflammation, hinting at its potential for treating similar autoimmune conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that exploring DHA within combined therapies might be a promising pathway for managing multiple sclerosis.
The study involved female C57BL/6 mice divided into treated and untreated groups to observe the impact of these nutrients on the disease's progression. The results were striking. We found that when DHA was administered with ATRA and vitamin D, there was a significant reduction in clinical symptoms, and less interferon gamma and T-bet gene expression—key contributors to the inflammatory response observed in multiple sclerosis.
While the combination treatment showed clear benefits, it's important to note that the specific role of DHA on its own was difficult to isolate. The intervention collectively reduced the severity of the disease and inflammation, hinting at its potential for treating similar autoimmune conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that exploring DHA within combined therapies might be a promising pathway for managing multiple sclerosis.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a vital Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) and the way it influences microglial responses to myelin damage. By examining both primary cell cultures and using the cuprizone mouse model of MS, we aimed to understand how DHA behaves in conditions mimicking this debilitating disease.
Our findings revealed that DHA, alongside another Omega-3 fatty acid known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was successful in reducing harmful inflammatory responses in primary microglia when stimulated by interferon-gamma and myelin. These beneficial acids slowed down the release of substances like nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which can contribute to tissue damage.
In addition, we noted an encouraging increase in myelin phagocytosis, which is a process where microglia clean up dead or damaged myelin. Our in vivo studies showed that supplementing with n-3 PUFAs like DHA could effectively diminish demyelination caused by cuprizone and lead to notable improvements in motor skills and cognitive function. Furthermore, we observed a transition in microglial behavior towards a 'friendly' M2 phenotype, suggesting that these fatty acids play a role in fostering a supportive environment in the brain.
Overall, this research indicates that DHA and other n-3 PUFAs hold promise as potential immunomodulatory agents for managing demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Our findings revealed that DHA, alongside another Omega-3 fatty acid known as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), was successful in reducing harmful inflammatory responses in primary microglia when stimulated by interferon-gamma and myelin. These beneficial acids slowed down the release of substances like nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, which can contribute to tissue damage.
In addition, we noted an encouraging increase in myelin phagocytosis, which is a process where microglia clean up dead or damaged myelin. Our in vivo studies showed that supplementing with n-3 PUFAs like DHA could effectively diminish demyelination caused by cuprizone and lead to notable improvements in motor skills and cognitive function. Furthermore, we observed a transition in microglial behavior towards a 'friendly' M2 phenotype, suggesting that these fatty acids play a role in fostering a supportive environment in the brain.
Overall, this research indicates that DHA and other n-3 PUFAs hold promise as potential immunomodulatory agents for managing demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis.
Read More
9
Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces MS activity
We embarked on a clinical trial to explore whether a specialized formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid could have a positive impact on individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). This study, which lasted 30 months, included 80 participants who were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group either received the active treatment, a variation of it, or a placebo, all while the participants were closely monitored in a double-blind setup to ensure fairness.
We specifically investigated the effectiveness of our new combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, alongside vitamins, to gauge its influence on disease activity. The study aimed to evaluate the annualized relapse rate and the progression of disability in these patients. We were pleased to find that the treatment containing eicosapentaenoic acid, known as PLP10, notably reduced the rate of relapses and lower risk of sustained disability progressions without any serious side effects.
While this study paves the way for further exploration, it is essential to acknowledge that larger studies will be necessary to fully understand the long-term safety and effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on MS. Overall, our findings suggest promising potential for eicosapentaenoic acid as a supportive therapy in managing this challenging condition.
We specifically investigated the effectiveness of our new combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, alongside vitamins, to gauge its influence on disease activity. The study aimed to evaluate the annualized relapse rate and the progression of disability in these patients. We were pleased to find that the treatment containing eicosapentaenoic acid, known as PLP10, notably reduced the rate of relapses and lower risk of sustained disability progressions without any serious side effects.
While this study paves the way for further exploration, it is essential to acknowledge that larger studies will be necessary to fully understand the long-term safety and effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on MS. Overall, our findings suggest promising potential for eicosapentaenoic acid as a supportive therapy in managing this challenging condition.
Read More
9
We explored the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an important omega-3 fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) by investigating its influence on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and T cell migration. MMP-9 is known to contribute to the disruption of the blood-brain barrier, allowing inflammatory T cells to enter and affect the central nervous system—an essential factor in the progression of MS.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
In our study, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals, pre-treating them with EPA and another omega-3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We measured the levels and activity of MMP-9 in the cell supernatants. Additionally, we assessed the migration of Jurkat T cells through fibronectin-coated transwells after EPA and DHA treatment. The results were promising; both EPA and DHA notably reduced MMP-9 production and activity, thereby significantly inhibiting human T cell migration.
Our findings suggest that eicosapentaenoic acid could potentially offer therapeutic benefits for MS patients by modulating the immune response and limiting T cell migration that disrupts the blood-brain barrier. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis.
Read More
User Reviews
USERS' SCORE
Good
Based on 5 Reviews
8.3
- All Reviews
- Positive Reviews
- Negative Reviews
7.5
Myelin sheath support
23 people found this helpful
Excellent! DHA plays an important role in the omega-3 chain and aids in maintaining the myelin sheath, which is crucial for nerve impulse conduction. As a person with multiple sclerosis, preserving my myelin sheath is vital, and DHA is beneficial. NOW's DHA is cost-effective, offers a generous quantity for the price, and has good quality. The capsule size may be an issue for some, but it doesn't bother me. If you found my comment helpful, please give it a like.
Read More
9
Life-changing supplement
1 people found this helpful
I've been using this supplement since my multiple sclerosis diagnosis in 2020, and it has significantly changed my life. The positive results are remarkable, and combined with other antioxidants and fat-soluble vitamins, I'm feeling great daily. Inflammation is reduced, cholesterol is normal, and my heart health is excellent. I highly recommend it.
Read More
9
Medical protocol benefits
Excellent product! I use it for my multiple sclerosis treatment protocol, and the results have been very impressive. It is one of the best omega-3s I've tried.
Read More
7.5
Cognitive improvement
1 people found this helpful
I take this product for cognitive problems related to multiple sclerosis, and my neurologist and I are both satisfied. It has been very helpful for me, especially the DHA 500.
Read More
7.5
Brain function aid
DHA is the best omega-3 fat for brain health! It improves blood flow during cognitive tasks, aids concentration for those with ADHD, helps form synapses, and might reduce depression risk. Additionally, it benefits heart health, lowers inflammation, promotes muscle recovery, and improves circulation. These capsules are well-dosed, and I haven't experienced any reflux from them. Highly recommend for managing aspects related to multiple sclerosis.
Read More
Frequently Asked Questions
9
Life-changing supplement
1 people found this helpful
I've been using this supplement since my multiple sclerosis diagnosis in 2020, and it has significantly changed my life. The positive results are remarkable, and combined with other antioxidants and fat-soluble vitamins, I'm feeling great daily. Inflammation is reduced, cholesterol is normal, and my heart health is excellent. I highly recommend it.
9
Medical protocol benefits
Excellent product! I use it for my multiple sclerosis treatment protocol, and the results have been very impressive. It is one of the best omega-3s I've tried.
7.5
Cognitive improvement
1 people found this helpful
I take this product for cognitive problems related to multiple sclerosis, and my neurologist and I are both satisfied. It has been very helpful for me, especially the DHA 500.
7.5
Brain function aid
DHA is the best omega-3 fat for brain health! It improves blood flow during cognitive tasks, aids concentration for those with ADHD, helps form synapses, and might reduce depression risk. Additionally, it benefits heart health, lowers inflammation, promotes muscle recovery, and improves circulation. These capsules are well-dosed, and I haven't experienced any reflux from them. Highly recommend for managing aspects related to multiple sclerosis.
8
DHA shows potential in MS management
We investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on multiple sclerosis (MS), focusing on how it may influence oxidative stress and the overall clinical state in an experimental model. Using twenty-five Dark Agouti rats, we set up several groups to observe the effects of DHA supplementation compared to controls. The groups included those receiving DHA, vehicle, and various treatments related to an animal model of MS known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
Over a course of 51 days, we administered DHA through daily injections. Our findings showed that DHA supplementation was linked to a reduction in oxidative stress and an improvement in the clinical symptoms of deteriorating health seen in MS. This indicates that DHA might serve as a helpful ally in managing MS symptoms, possibly activating an important antioxidant factor known as Nrf2.
Overall, these results provide encouraging evidence that DHA could play a beneficial role in managing multiple sclerosis, particularly through its antioxidant properties.
Over a course of 51 days, we administered DHA through daily injections. Our findings showed that DHA supplementation was linked to a reduction in oxidative stress and an improvement in the clinical symptoms of deteriorating health seen in MS. This indicates that DHA might serve as a helpful ally in managing MS symptoms, possibly activating an important antioxidant factor known as Nrf2.
Overall, these results provide encouraging evidence that DHA could play a beneficial role in managing multiple sclerosis, particularly through its antioxidant properties.
4
DHA's potential in MS management
This study explored how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, impacts multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory gene expression. The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 13 cohort studies, involving 1353 participants over periods ranging from 3 to 144 weeks.
Our findings revealed a significant inverse relationship between DHA intake and scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) used for MS assessment. Specifically, higher DHA levels were associated with lower EDSS scores, a promising indicator for improving MS symptoms.
Additionally, DHA appeared to influence inflammation. It was found to upregulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), which helps reduce inflammation, while downregulating pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).
However, it's important to note that not all omega-3 fatty acids showed a clear benefit on EDSS scores, as other types, like EPA, did not significantly affect MS outcomes. Overall, while DHA may offer new insights into MS management, further clinical trials are necessary to fully understand its effects.
Our findings revealed a significant inverse relationship between DHA intake and scores on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) used for MS assessment. Specifically, higher DHA levels were associated with lower EDSS scores, a promising indicator for improving MS symptoms.
Additionally, DHA appeared to influence inflammation. It was found to upregulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), which helps reduce inflammation, while downregulating pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1).
However, it's important to note that not all omega-3 fatty acids showed a clear benefit on EDSS scores, as other types, like EPA, did not significantly affect MS outcomes. Overall, while DHA may offer new insights into MS management, further clinical trials are necessary to fully understand its effects.
We explored the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a type of omega-3 fatty acid, on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its potential as a treatment option. The study highlighted that DHA offers anti-inflammatory benefits, which can be crucial in managing diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, like MS.
While DHA is noted for reducing some immune responses, the investigation emphasizes that it was part of a broader approach to treatment rather than the sole focus. Furthermore, the findings suggest that incorporating DHA might improve the symptom severity and overall recovery prognosis of individuals with MS.
We observed that the evidence supports the idea that DHA can play a beneficial role in managing MS symptoms. However, larger and more controlled studies are needed to clarify its specific effects and potential as a standalone treatment. Overall, while DHA shows promise, it does not serve as a definitive cure or solitary answer to the complexities of MS.
While DHA is noted for reducing some immune responses, the investigation emphasizes that it was part of a broader approach to treatment rather than the sole focus. Furthermore, the findings suggest that incorporating DHA might improve the symptom severity and overall recovery prognosis of individuals with MS.
We observed that the evidence supports the idea that DHA can play a beneficial role in managing MS symptoms. However, larger and more controlled studies are needed to clarify its specific effects and potential as a standalone treatment. Overall, while DHA shows promise, it does not serve as a definitive cure or solitary answer to the complexities of MS.
References
- Saxby SM, Haas C, Shemirani F, Titcomb TJ, Eyck PT, et al. Association Between Improved Serum Fatty Acid Profiles and Cognitive Function During a Dietary Intervention Trial in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2024;26:61. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2023-037
- Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Galván A, Valdelvira ME, Caballero-Villarraso J, et al. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Nutr Biochem. 2024;124:109497. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109497
- Poggioli R, Hirani K, Jogani VG, Ricordi C. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2023;27:7380. doi:10.26355/eurrev_202308_33310
- Grajchen E, Loix M, Baeten P, Côrte-Real BF, Hamad I, et al. Fatty acid desaturation by stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 controls regulatory T cell differentiation and autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:666. doi:10.1038/s41423-023-01011-2
- Kim JS, Soto-Diaz K, Bingham TW, Steelman AJ, Das A. Role of omega-3 endocannabinoids in the modulation of T-cell activity in a multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. J Biol Chem. 2023;299:102886. doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102886
- Nasl-Khameneh AM, Mirshafiey A, Moghadasi AN, Yekaninejad MS, Parastouei K, et al. The immunomodulatory effects of all-trans retinoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid combination treatment on the expression of IL-2, IL-4, T-bet, and GATA3 genes in PBMCs of multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Res. 2023;45:510. doi:10.1080/01616412.2022.2162222
- Ghasemi Darestani N, Bahrami A, Mozafarian MR, Esmalian Afyouni N, Akhavanfar R, et al. Association of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi:10.3390/nu14214627
- Hassanshahi G, Noroozi Karimabad M, Jebali A. The therapeutic effect of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils and its efficacy to attenuate inflammation in multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial phase I. J Neuroimmunol. 2022;362:577768. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577768
- Feng C, Li L, Li Q, Switzer K, Liu M, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates autoimmune inflammation by activating GPR120 signaling pathway in dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;97:107698. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107698
- Adkins Y, Soulika AM, Mackey B, Kelley DS. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) Ameliorated the Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice. Lipids. 2019;54:13. doi:10.1002/lipd.12130
- Mousavi Nasl-Khameneh A, Mirshafiey A, Naser Moghadasi A, Chahardoli R, Mahmoudi M, et al. Combination treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibit IL-17 and RORγt gene expression in PBMCs of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res. 2018;40:11. doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.1382800
- Bernardo A, Giammarco ML, De Nuccio C, Ajmone-Cat MA, Visentin S, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation via PPAR-γ signalling and prevents tumor necrosis factor-α-dependent maturational arrest. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids. 2017;1862:1013. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.014
- Shiri-Shahsavar MR, Mirshafiee A, Parastouei K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Yekaninejad S, et al. A Novel Combination of Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Reduces T-Bet Gene Expression, Serum Interferon Gamma, and Clinical Scores but Promotes PPARγ Gene Expression in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci. 2016;60:498.
- Chen S, Zhang H, Pu H, Wang G, Li W, et al. n-3 PUFA supplementation benefits microglial responses to myelin pathology. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7458. doi:10.1038/srep07458
- Zanella SG, Roberti di Sarsina P. Personalization of multiple sclerosis treatments: using the chelation therapy approach. Explore (NY). 2013;9:244. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.04.003
- Ramirez-Ramirez V, Macias-Islas MA, Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moises F, Torres-Sanchez ED, et al. Efficacy of fish oil on serum of TNF α , IL-1 β , and IL-6 oxidative stress markers in multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1b. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:709493. doi:10.1155/2013/709493
- Siegert E, Paul F, Rothe M, Weylandt KH. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids on central nervous system remyelination in fat-1 mice. BMC Neurosci. 2017;18:19. doi:10.1186/s12868-016-0312-5
- Di Biase A, Salvati S, Di Benedetto R, Attorri L, Martinelli A, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid pre-treatment reduces biochemical changes induced in total brain and myelin of weanling Wistar rats by cuprizone feeding. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2014;90:99. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2013.11.004
- Salvati S, Di Biase A, Attorri L, Di Benedetto R, Sanchez M, et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates the clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in dark agouti rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:1645. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.005
- Pantzaris MC, Loukaides GN, Ntzani EE, Patrikios IS. A novel oral nutraceutical formula of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids with vitamins (PLP10) in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2013;3. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002170
- Løken-Amsrud KI, Myhr KM, Bakke SJ, Beiske AG, Bjerve KS, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis--association and prediction. PLoS One. 2013;8:e54417. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054417
- Unoda K, Doi Y, Nakajima H, Yamane K, Hosokawa T, et al. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2013;256:7. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.12.003
- Torkildsen O, Wergeland S, Bakke S, Beiske AG, Bjerve KS, et al. ω-3 fatty acid treatment in multiple sclerosis (OFAMS Study): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1044. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2012.283
- Shinto L, Marracci G, Bumgarner L, Yadav V. The effects of omega-3 Fatty acids on matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and cell migration in human immune cells: implications for multiple sclerosis. Autoimmune Dis. 2011;2011:134592. doi:10.4061/2011/134592
- Kong W, Yen JH, Ganea D. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents dendritic cell maturation, inhibits antigen-specific Th1/Th17 differentiation and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25:872. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.012
